Sports Essays Eating Disorders Athletes

Sports Essays Eating Disorders Athletes Eating disorders can be common among athletes. This may be due to the pressure of the sporting background that commonly precipitates the beginning of these problems. In this day and age certain obsessive behaviour such as extreme exercise and also erratic eating habits have become a normal part of society. Williamson et al suggests that (â€Å"Concern about an athletes body size and shape has become greater than ever before due to the pressure for thinness from coaches and also from athletic performance, and negative self appraisal of athletic achievement†) It has been suggested that the majority of successful athletes are strong minded, and set almost impossible targets for themselves and work long hard hours to achieve these targets. However these factors can bring on eating disorders that can often be found in anorexia and bulimic patients. Disordered eating is possibly found in most sporting activities. The athletes most at risk from developing or indeed having an eating disorder are those who engage in sports that require certain characteristics. For instance gymnasts and also figure skaters are under extreme and constant pressure to preserve a chid like body. Chaotic eating disorders are prevalent in girl athletes but not so much in boy athletes. In 1992 the NCCA conducted a survey of athletes. The NCCA stated (â€Å"93% of the programs reporting eating disorders were in womens sports) (Dying to win 1994 suggests that † Some male athletes do use extreme methods for losing weight, but an important difference exists between these and the self-starvation strategies of anorexics)† For instance, a weight lifters view of his body is not warped. When the weight lifter is not in competition he can regain the weight easily. This suggests that it is possible for the body to return to normal when the athletes sport ing career comes to an end. But unfortunately this is not the case in females. Eating disorders often happen to young girls who become obsessed with avoiding the progression of becoming a woman. These girls will go to extreme measures to keep a child like physique. This is what gymnastics are told they must do in order to stay in gymnasts competition. Because of this it is a gymnastics biggest fear of developing a womanly shape that might obstruct their performance. Sundgot-Borgen 1994 states that † This could provoke a conflict in which an athlete struggles to prevent or counter the natural physical changes precipitated by growth and maturity† many gymnasts have been training since early childhood. In taking part in such specific training before the body reaches maturity these girls risk losing out in a which another sport that they could do in adult hood when their gymnastic career ends. The leading UK charity for people with eating disorders is called B-eat. This stands for beating eating disorders. Beat surveyed 600 young people who suffer from an eating disorders-eat results were: Only 1 percent of children felt they could talk to their parents about their eating related concerns. 9 percent of children felt they might be able to talk to someone at school. 17 percent of children felt they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse 92 percent of children felt they couldnt tell anyone. B-eat states that† currently the number of people receiving treatment for anorexia or bulimia to be near 90, 000, while many more people have eating disorders undiagnosed†. So of these 92%, the 17% who felt they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse. So might benefit from the programme. If 92 percent of children feel that they could not tell anyone that they had an eating disorder then it is obvious that there is a need for young people to be educated about the dangers of eating disorders. There is also a need for counsellors or something similar to the Samaritans. So that children have the opportunity to talk about eating disorders to people who will not judge them. The will just listen and give advice if it is asked for. Gymnasts are only too aware about how their slender body shape can mean winning or losing a competition. This one of the main reasons why gymnasts are more at risk from developing an eating disorder. The qualities that make a good gymnast such as high expectations, being compulsive and also striving to be the best are all key characteristics connected to eating disorders. These statistics suggest that there is a need for a well being programme targeting female gymnasts of secondary school age. In beats survey 92% of children felt that they could not tell anyone that they have an eating disorder.17% said they might be able to talk to a doctor or nurse about it. In order to combat this discussion groups could take place on a monthly basis, as part of the gymnastic curriculum in local clubs such as the YMCA (The YMCA is part of the voluntary sector that rely mainly on good will donations and also club membership. It is a non-profit organisation). However conducting a programme surrounding eating disorders should be done with caution and awareness that the people most vulnerable will take any comment or criticism to heart. For example taking a persons weight and vital statistics is not a good way to try and combat eating disorders. This will only make the person mare aware abut body issues even more so if others in the group are thinner or have a smaller body mass index. For this reason, YMCA volunteers should receive training on how to approach and discuss the subject. In 1992 Claire Vickery founded the Butterfly Foundation. In Australia. The Foundation offers support to those people who suffer from an eating disorder and also poor or negative self body image. Claire was said to have discovered â€Å"gaps† in the† public health system† for the people who are and continue to suffer from eating disorders. The Butterfly Foundation suggests that† there is more pressure than ever before on young people who are exposed to highly stylized unrealistic images in the media at an alarming rate every day† This in turn can lead to thoughts of failure unsafe expectations, resulting in little confidence negative thoughts about body image. The Butterfly Foundation can offer support to educational establishments and also local community groups in the structure of workshops presentations to aid youngsters to develop their body image, self-esteem media understanding. The Eating Difficulties Education Network is another organisation that deals with eating disorders. EDEN is community service, which is based in Auckland New Zealand. The organisation is run by a group of women who can provide information and also assistance for those individuals who suffer from eating disorders, and also support their family and close ones. Eden can provide counselling and also workshops for Health professional, the community and also educational establishments. Edens main focus is for the promotion of â€Å"body satisfaction† and takes the approach that you can be happy whatever your size may be. It may be that girls will respond better to women speakers and counsellors. EDEN works in two main areas. These being, working with the people who have eating problems and also working towards the prevention of eating disorders among young people. . EDEN states that† dieting is ineffective and potentially leads to weight and body image difficulties in all their forms. Aiming to work with individuals to develop body satisfaction and seek to create environments that are accepting of size diversity and which support body trust†. At present in the United Kingdom there is little support for vulnerable children including athletes in relation to eating disorders. Only B-eat tries to help combat eating disorders-eat is relatively unheard of and is not well publicized. If the Butterfly Foundation in Australia has been in operation since 1992 then this would suggest that the foundation is working well in helping combat eating disorders. The United Kingdom would profit to follow a similar programme. The programme could include areas such as: Workshops, which are interactive, group discussions activities on Self Esteem Body Image: group discussions are a good way to get people to open up and discuss their ideas/feeling on the relevant subject. Open-ended questions tend to get the best response from people. Open-ended questions ask specific questions which cannot be answered with a simple yes/no or a specific piece of information. In extreme cases, referal to a mental health practitioner. Using a series of cards with different statements is a good way to help children open up and discuss their feeling. It is also a good way of getting children involved in self-esteem group activities. Media literacy uses an â€Å"inquiry based instruction model† This model helps motivate people into asking questions in relation to what they see in the media whether they watch it or read it. Media literacy provides different means of assessment tools to help people look at the media and to help people become aware of one sided views in the media. Media Literacy can help provide people with greater perceptive of understanding the role of mass media and bias media in blocking views of reality. Presentations are a good way of getting important information across to the audience 15mins or 20mins presentations could be used, as the audience will be young teenagers and/or children and may not have a long attention span that an adult would have. These presentations would include questions to/from the audience, but do not involve activities. For this reason they can be delivered to large numbers of students for example up to 50 at a time. The following topics could be used in presentations: Self Esteem Body perception and Image: Body image and perception is how a person feels and views their physical appearance. A lot of young people, mainly in their early teens, suffer from low self -esteem this is because as children develop into adolescents, they become aware about how others see and perceive them. Media Influences: recently, in the past few years it has become† politically correct† for the media to make some attempt to fight eating disorders. Magazines and TV shows and adverts featuring the misfortune of anorexia and bulimia, but this hard work is proving to be unsuccessful when they are presented in the usual perspective. For instance, how can one think that a teenage magazine is actually motivated to beat eating disorders when the stories relating to that area are covered by advertisements featuring childlike looking role models. People often feel that the do not â€Å"measure up† this is attributable to the anxiety of trying to live up to unhealthy† cultural expectations† of physical body perfection. BUPA suggests â€Å"Children and young people need to do 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity every day. This needs to include at least two weekly activities that produce high physical stress on bones, such as dancing, jumping or aerobics to aid development†. (Muscat, 2002). Suggests† Another method that coaches, parents (family) and athletes may use to help prevent disordered eating in sport is to avoid making derogatory comments about the female body.† Research shows that female athletes who report critical comments, compared with those who do not, also report greater disordered eating. Such athletes clearly suffer from body-image anxiety. Findings indicate that critical comments related to disordered eating behaviours are from multiple sources (Rieves Cash, 1996) rather than limited to coaches and peers (Beals, Manore, 1994; Berry Howe, 2000; Sundgot-Boren, 1994; Williamson et al., 1995). In addition to comments from coaches and peers, female athletes reported critical comments from parents, grandparents, medical professionals, siblings, and teachers (Muscat, 2002) Therefore this makes the task of altering their self-image extremely complex. Evaluation of the programme could be in the form of anonymous post cards that would be posted in a box. The cards would allow for comments and feedback both positive and negative, which will be essential to the success of the programme and will allow for changes to be made if needed. So the foregoing is the proposed programme. The media is partly to blame for placing a huge importance on what a person looks like and also what size they are. The television and also glossy magazines continually flood our brains with images of body perfection and images of attractive perfect looking people. These messages, which are specifically targeted at females, motivate people into believing that in order to be successful you have to be good looking and slim. This media stereotyping is thought to be the causes why of only ten percent of men have eating disorders, while 90 percent are women. Eating disorders are said to stem from addictive and compulsive behaviours.Other people who have the same or similar traits may turn to alchol,be drug users,self abuse or gamble.People who suffer from eating disorders also suffer from low self esteem,and also a lack of direction in life.This may be a reason why gymnasts are prone to eating disorders.They realise their careers will be over when they reach their mid 20s and do not know what their life will hold from them beyond then. McPherson et al. (1989) states, â€Å"Deviant Behaviour is a product of numerous interacting social and cultural forces. These include an inadequate socialisation process; lack of, or failure of social controls; perceived inequities in a situation; the individuals definition of the situation; and the labelling of individuals who engage in deviance. More specifically, one learns deviant behaviour by directly and indirectly acquiring opportunities†. Over conformity is a behavioral characteristic commonly found in sport. Overcomformity goes way beyond normally accepted rules or regulations that it interferes with the persons health and well-being. Over conformity is behavior grounded in a naive acceptance of rules and regulations. According to Coakley p.166† deviance grounded in overconformilty is often identified as an indication of commitment and dedication, even though it may be dangerous and have serious consequences for the health and well being of self and others†. According to Dying to win 1994 â€Å" a large percentage of gymnastic coaches are constantly instructing the girls on how to count calories, how to act, what to wear, and what to say in public† Because of this these girls feel that the only part of their lives that they are able to control is the food and drink that they consume. Because these coaches are authority figures to these gymnasts any remark made will have deep impact and be taken to heart. One of the main reasons that these girls embark on such drastic diets is because their coach suggests that they need to lose some weight in order from them to look their best. These girls are young and vulnerable to such comments and remarks that they be seen as a basis for enhanced routines. Athletes can be under the illusion that to be a real athlete they must make sacrifices whether it is to your own body or to others and pay the price to increase skills in order to stay in the industry as long as they can. Judging gymnasts ability is not objective. Each of the Judges makes a score according to what they believe makes a good routine. The look of the gymnast may control their perceptions and in doing so affect their final verdict. This reinforces the idea that in order to be at the top of their game a gymnast has to maintain a childlike body. This encourages deviant behaviour, as these girls will do anything to be a winner including going way beyond the norms of society. A terrible example of when a judges decision helped destroy a girls life is an event with gymnast Christy Henrich who was a top contestant in gymnastics in the latter part of the 1980s. She died of a multiple organ failure due to her fight with anorexia and associated eating disorders. At a meeting in Budapest, an American. Judge stated that† Henrich would have to lose weight if she wanted to make the Olympic team.† When Henrich returned to America her mum remembers the first words out of her daughters mouth:† she was fat and she would have to lose weightthat was the only way she would reach her dreams†. Because of these judges tough rules coakley p174 suggests that the roots of deviance go deeper than the individual desire to win or make money. These roots are grounded in the very values promoted through the sport ethic itself. Therefore, much of the deviance in sports is most accurately identified as a social issue rather than just a personal problem of indi vidual athletes. Eitzen, 1988, States that† Within sport, deviance involves violating the rules of a game or organisation, going beyond commonly accepted definitions of fair- play and sportsmanship, and intentionally using illegal means to intimidate or injure an opponent† This means athletes are willing to do anything to get to the top of their game e.g. drug use for weight control and/or stimulants for endurance. No matter how bad the end consequence is. Christy Enrich died as a result of her deviant behaviour spiralling out- with her control. The increase of commercialism in sports has lead to more rules and more pressure to win and be at the top of the game. This in turn has lead to deviance becoming widespread due to the fact that the top judges are reluctant or powerless to punish all acts of deviance. Due to government intervention and equal rights in athletes participation in sports female participation has increased. The first law in America to disallow sex discrimination in any shape or form among people of educational establishment was named† title X†This law was enforced to allow greater gender equality. This means that no one can be discriminated against in relation to gender. Under the â€Å"Title X law both men and women must be treated the same and fairly without judgment. †Title X† covers all areas of government policy including recruitment, housing, insurance and athletics. In the United Kingdom similar law to â€Å"Title X† this law is called â€Å"The Brighton Decleration.†The main aim of the declaration is to â€Å"develop a sporting culture which enables and values the full involvement of women in every aspect of life†. When sport is practiced equally and also fairly it can help make society a better place and also encourage equality. A good example of this is the Olympic games. Sport is a cultural activity, which, practiced fairly and equitably, enriches society and encourages friendship between nations. â€Å"Sport is an activity which offers the individual the opportunity of self-knowledge, self-expression and fulfillment; personal achievement, skill acquisition and demonstration of ability; social interaction, enjoyment, good health and well-being†. (The Brighton declaration) In society, sport plays a part in the culture of every nation. Sport participation in women varies vastly between nations. Females make up more than half of the worlds population. However in sport participation is still predominately male. In recent years despite growing participation of women in sporting activities and also improved opportunities due to laws being past on equal opportunities such as â€Å"Title X† and â€Å"The Brighton Declaration† women in high positions within sport has not followed. Females continue to be undermined and miss- represented in relation to management roles within sport especially at the top ranks. Equal opportunities will continue not to exist and be achieved within sport because of the lack of these role models. For example, women aducation and their ensuring comments might persuade young female athletes away from deviant behavior in relation to body weight and image. In conclusion, eating disorders can happen to anybody. It seems to be most prevalent in young teenage girls. Gymnasts, more than any other athletes are more at risk from eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. This may be due to the fact that gymnasts, especially the females, are put under regular stress to keep to a very low body weight for visual presentation to the judges. Many judges award points for small body size alone. Because of this there is a need to educate young teenage girls to the dangers of having an eating disorder. As Coakley states â€Å"deviance grounded in overconformilty is often identified as an indication of commitment and dedication, even though it may be dangerous and have serious consequences for the health and well being of self and others†. These gymnasts believe that the have to be the thinnest to be at the top of their game. Their coaches reinforce this idea. According to (Dying to win 1994) a large percentage of gymnastic coaches are constantly instructing the girls on how to count calories, how to act, what to wear. Because of this these girls feel that the only part of their lives that they are able to control is the food and drink that they consume. Because these coaches are role models to these gymnasts any remark made will have deep impact and be taken to heart. One of the main reasons that these girls embark on such drastic diets is because their coach suggests that they need to lose some weight in order from them to look their best. These girls are young and vulnerable to such comments and remarks that may be seen as a basis for enhanced routines. And so if there were more females in positions of authority, e.g. judges, they could counteract this perspective. According to Health magazine, April 2002,†32% of female TV network characters are underweight, while only 5% of females in the U.S. audience are underweight†. In contrast, actors who are older, frumpier, scruffy, perhaps physically challenged, represent evil and also stupid people. The majority seem to be heavy. Once more according to Health magazine,† only 3% of female TV network characters are obese, while 25% of U.S. women fall into that category† This shows that the media is partly to blame for eating disorders in young people. No one wants to be known as heavy, overweight or scruffy. We need more realism for example the normal size for a woman is more like Opra Winfery. According to B—eats survey of 600 young people with eating disorders 92% of children felt that they could not tell anybody that the had an eating disorder. This suggests that there are a large number of children that need help and also someone to talk to and discuss their feelings in relation to eating disorders. However, of these 92%, 17% would seem amenable to help. The Butterfly Foundation in Australia and also EDEN in Auckland, New Zealand are both for non-profit which help young girls combat eating disorders. Both organisations offer support and counselling. Though different means of evaluation such as presentations to schools on the dangers of eating disorders. By following a programme similar to both the Butterfly Foundation and also Eden Britain can begin to tackle the growing problem of eating disorders. In which takes a multidisciplinary approach in schools, the voluntary sector, sports establishments and also G.P, mental health referrals. Government funding could be ring-fenced money for programme funding. More women of authority and also approachable councillors and training may require women instead of men. References About eating disorders/what is an eating disorder. Beat [internet]. Available from: [Accessed on 07 April 2008]. Berger, John. (1972) Ways of Seeing. London: BBC/Harmondsworth: Penguin. Body image. Hms Harvard. [Internet]. Available from:www.hms.harvard.edu [Accessed 18April 2008] Coakley, J (2007) Sports in Society: Issues Controversies. International edition. 9th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Coakley, J. and Dunning, E. (2002) Handbook of Sports Studies, London, Sage. Eating disorder statistics. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 03 May 2008]. Eitzen, D.S. (1988). Ethical problems in American sportJournal of Sport and Social Issues. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. (1980) Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. Hargreaves, J. (1994) Sporting Females, London: Routledge. Hargreaves, J. (1986) Sport, Power Culture, Cambridge: Polity. Holt, R. (1989) Sport the British: A Modern History, Oxford, University Press. Horne, J, et al., (1999) Understanding Sport: An Introduction to the Sociological and Cultural Analysis of Sport, London, EFN Spon. McPherson, B.D.; Curtis, J.E.; and Loy, J.W.; (1989), The Social Significance Of Sport, Human Kinetics Books Illinois. The Butterfly Foundation. [Internet]. Available from,http://www.thebutterflyfoundation.org/ [Accessed 12 May 2008] Ideal weight varies across cultures, but body image dissatisfaction pervades [Internet] Available from, http://www.physorg.com/news [Accessed 12 May 2008]

Dial-Up Scripting Command Language :: essays research papers

Table of Contents 1.0 Overview 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script 3.0 Variables 3.1 System Variables 4.0 String Literals 5.0 Expressions 6.0 Comments 7.0 Keywords 8.0 Commands 9.0 Reserved Words 1.0 Overview Many Internet service providers and online services require you to manually enter information, such as your user name and password, to establish a connection. With Scripting support for Dial-Up Networking, you can write a script to automate this process. A script is a text file that contains a series of commands, parameters, and expressions required by your Internet service provider or online service to establish the connection and use the service. You can use any text editor, such as Microsoft Notepad, to create a script file. Once you've created your script file, you can then assign it to a specific Dial-Up Networking connection by running the Dial-Up Scripting Tool. 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script A command is the basic instruction that a script file contains. Some commands require parameters that further define what the command should do. An expression is a combination of operators and arguments that create a result. Expressions can be used as values in any command. Examples of expressions include arithmetic, relational comparisons, and string concatenations. The basic form of a script for Dial-Up Networking follows: ; ; A comment begins with a semi-colon and extends to ; the end of the line. ; proc main ; A script can have any number of variables ; and commands variable declarations command block endproc A script must have a main procedure, specified by the proc keyword, and a matching endproc keyword, indicating the end of the procedure. You must declare variables before you add commands. The first command in the main procedure is executed, and then any subsequent commands are executed in the order they appear in the script. The script ends when the end of the main procedure is reached. 3.0 Variables Scripts may contain variables. Variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore ('_'), and may contain any sequence of upper- or lower-case letters, digits, and underscores. You cannot use a reserved word as a variable name. For more information, see the list of reserved words at the end of this document. You must declare variables before you use them. When you declare a variable, you must also define its type. A variable of a certain type may only contain values of that same type. The following three types of variables are supported: Type Description integer A negative or positive number, such as 7, -12, or 5698. string A series of characters enclosed in double-quotes; for example, "Hello world!" or "Enter password:". Dial-Up Scripting Command Language :: essays research papers Table of Contents 1.0 Overview 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script 3.0 Variables 3.1 System Variables 4.0 String Literals 5.0 Expressions 6.0 Comments 7.0 Keywords 8.0 Commands 9.0 Reserved Words 1.0 Overview Many Internet service providers and online services require you to manually enter information, such as your user name and password, to establish a connection. With Scripting support for Dial-Up Networking, you can write a script to automate this process. A script is a text file that contains a series of commands, parameters, and expressions required by your Internet service provider or online service to establish the connection and use the service. You can use any text editor, such as Microsoft Notepad, to create a script file. Once you've created your script file, you can then assign it to a specific Dial-Up Networking connection by running the Dial-Up Scripting Tool. 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script A command is the basic instruction that a script file contains. Some commands require parameters that further define what the command should do. An expression is a combination of operators and arguments that create a result. Expressions can be used as values in any command. Examples of expressions include arithmetic, relational comparisons, and string concatenations. The basic form of a script for Dial-Up Networking follows: ; ; A comment begins with a semi-colon and extends to ; the end of the line. ; proc main ; A script can have any number of variables ; and commands variable declarations command block endproc A script must have a main procedure, specified by the proc keyword, and a matching endproc keyword, indicating the end of the procedure. You must declare variables before you add commands. The first command in the main procedure is executed, and then any subsequent commands are executed in the order they appear in the script. The script ends when the end of the main procedure is reached. 3.0 Variables Scripts may contain variables. Variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore ('_'), and may contain any sequence of upper- or lower-case letters, digits, and underscores. You cannot use a reserved word as a variable name. For more information, see the list of reserved words at the end of this document. You must declare variables before you use them. When you declare a variable, you must also define its type. A variable of a certain type may only contain values of that same type. The following three types of variables are supported: Type Description integer A negative or positive number, such as 7, -12, or 5698. string A series of characters enclosed in double-quotes; for example, "Hello world!" or "Enter password:".

Absolutism in Europe – Summary

During the 17th century two future rulers, Peter the Great of Russia and Louis XIV of France, were born who would push absolutism to new heights. Absolutism is a form of government where all the power is in the hands of one individual. Absolute monarchies are the most common form of absolutism. Peter the Great and Louis XIV had similar traumatic experiences involving people with traditional power during their childhoods. Louis’ was the Fronde, a rebellion by nobles. The Fronde began in 1650 when Louis was a young boy.Many times during the uprising his life was put in danger as his mother and himself were occasionally treated as prisoners. They also had to retreat from Paris. Peter the Great’s traumatic childhood experience was the Streltsy uprising of 1682. The Streltsy, the traditional guards of the nobles in Russia, mobbed the Kremlin after rumors were circulated that Peter’s half brother, Ivan, had been killed. They lynched many nobles including two of Peterâ €™s uncles. The killings were quite brutal, including some being thrown off of balconies unto the Streltsy’s bayonets.The young Peter witnessed this and it began his deep mistrust and hatred of traditional ways in Russia. Another similarity of Peter and Louis was their handling of their nobles. They both took power from them in different ways. Louis built the luxurious palace of Versailles. The grand building project of Versailles employed many artisans and common builder for a lifetime. Thus it was supported by the population of France. Many of the most prominent nobles were forced to live there for about half a year in apartments. Their actual power was essentially traded for social pomp and court life.They filled their days with various social acts like watching the rising of the King in the morning and the pursuits of the frivolous fashions of the day. Another purpose of Versailles was to show the sheer might of Louis XIV. Peter the Great pushed very hard for moderniz ation of Russia. His need to imitate the west led him to have his own massive building project, St. Petersburg. Conscripted laborers primarily built this new city. The conditions were harsh and over 60,000 died. This contrasted sharply with Louis XIV’s building of Versailles.Another push way forced modern ways upon his constituents was to have dress codes for the royals. He had them dress in western clothing. This was disliked by many, especially the women, for their impracticality for the harsh landscapes of Russia. He also had the men shaved their beards. If they refused he’d cut them off himself. War campaigns Louis XIV and Peter the Great contrasted drastically. Peter was the first ruler of Russia to turn its army from amateur to professional. He abandoned the Streltsy that he had formed a hate from in childhood and began to train his soldiers using modern techniques.His love of the military started in childhood when he would play war with real men. Western general s were brought in to teach the young Peter different formation which they would practice often. Eventually this play army became the beginnings of his real army. In addition to an army he created a navy. Most of Peter’s wars had a purpose and were led by the king directly from the battlefield. His first war against the Tartars, who were backed by the Ottomans, and mostly in the southeast area of the empire.This war was used to secure the border which often fell victim to horrific raids by the Tartars. His second major war was against Sweden. While the Great Northern War was long, 21 years, it gave Peter the land he needed for the port city of St. Petersburg. Also, it marked the last time Sweden was ever a military power. To Louis XIV war was usually just a way to show the glory of France, thus the glory of its ruler Louis. Some of the wars included, the war of devolution, the war against Holland, the war of the league of Augsburg, and the war of Spanish Succession.Most of the se wars resulted in little actual benefits for the victor. That is because they had been mostly for glory. One last notable similarity is how both Louis XIV and Peter the Great dismissed their main advisors at a young age. Louis dismissed his advisors at the age of 23 when he began to truly become the absolute rule her was. Peter the Great did the same at the younger age of 17. Overall Peter and Louis both had major affects on the entire continent of Europe from their reigns onwards. They are both the best examples of absolutism that the world will probably see.

Tomorrow When the War Began by John Marsden, Personal...

Tomorrow When The War Began by John Marsden. Tomorrow when the war began by John Marsden is an exceptional novel filled with action, suspense and tension. The author tells the story of seven stereotypical examples of teenagers heading up into the hills to camp for a while when they suddenly find themselves drawn into the extreme stress of a war as they are left to fend for themselves. It is an inspiring tale of how they all responded to the war in different ways, took risks and grew from ordinary teenagers. All seven teenagers transform from normal youths to brave, courageous and strong young adults as they deal with the loss of loved ones and extreme fear. But out of all seven I found Homer’s character developed the most. Before the†¦show more content†¦Another interesting character in the novel was the main character Ellie. I found her interesting as she developed close relationships with people she never thought she would. Early on in the book when the group of friends find out their families have been captivated Ellie is one of the people who breaks down the most. She really struggles with the news and often feels scared and uncertain of her

Organized Crime and Terrorism - 1000 Words

Treverton et all define crime and terrorism as illegal activities which greatly revolve around economic interests. The document accurately depicts how ‘organized crime seeks money and why terrorism needs it’ . Furthermore, according to the authors, the definitions about crime presented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), United Nations (UN), and the International Police (INTERPOL) coincide in some terms regarding the essence of organized crime. All of the aforementioned identify key words within their definitions such as groups of individuals working under illegal structures with profitable aims. On the other hand, the article highlights the importance of the effects that globalization and Information Technology (IT) have†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the authors outline the importance of drug trafficking as the most significant and current source of income for both terrorist and international criminal organizations. Similarly, The Jamestown Foundation cites the example of how profits of narcotrafficking have been used to strengthen international links between terrorist organizations: ‘ETA has been training FARC members in explosives and weapons. In exchange, the FARC compensated the Basque terrorists, using financial revenues obtained through drug trafficking’ . Thus, one could affirm that the market of illegal drugs and narcotics produce enormous revenues which often support criminal organizations, revolutionary groups, and terrorist organizations among many other illegal forms of crime. On the other hand, Traverton et all assert that crimes committed by Islamic terrorists alienate the communities and this is considered as one of their biggest failures; However, it is important to mention that alienation is not a consequence of Islamic groups’ terrorism exclusively. Every terrorist action, independent of its perpetrator, causes the same effect on the public: alienation. In fact, one of the main objectives of any terrorist action is to alienate the community against the government and generate the sensation that the targeted government is incapable of protecting its own citizens . Hence, one could say that, in this case, contrary to what the author state the Islamic terrorists areShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Terrorism and Organized Crime:1630 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between terrorism and organized crime: Today’s terrorism and organized crime groups are so similar that their differences are starting to blur and the commonalities are becoming clearer. Terrorism and organized crime is a perfect match, that may have different objectives, but they can accomplish their goals through one another. 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Marketing Plan - Sushi Restaurant - 2886 Words

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Management Accounting for Decision Making Process in AVN Plc

Questions: 1. The purpose of management accounting and the relative Importance of using management accounting tools over financial accounting, for furthering companys growth and profit? 2. Different classification of costs namely on the basis of type, function, behavior and relevance and the implications of the cost classification for pricing? 3. Importance of the cost volume profit in decision making activities of AVN plc? 4. The benefits of preparing budgets for the company and suggest the types of budgets to be prepared, to forecast future performance of the company? Answers: Introduction The overall project is report is based on the management accounting policies and practices used by the different organization as per their growth and management strategies which is generally support in the operational and decision making strategies of the company AVN plc. Who are designing and assembling electronic devices (Tavana, 2012). The entire project report about the management accounting importance to understand the concept of costing in the business strategies and different implications of the pricing strategies which is required to maintained the volume of the sales strategies of the company. In this project the company is mainly discussing about the financial strategies for discussing the future financial planning and decision making strategies of the organization for the decision making strategies and its controlling activities by using management accounting concept to increase the sales volume of the company. 1. The purpose of management accounting and the relative Importance of using management accounting tools over financial accounting, for furthering companys growth and profit The management accountant of the organization is generally making planning for the development and growth of the organization which is based on the forecasting of the future decision making strategies. The management accounting is the one of the best in the financial accounting to gather the financial as well as the required documents of the organization which is mainly based on the previous and future performance of the company required by the managers of the organization to plan and do analysis about the performance of the business activities of the company (Kaarbo, 2012). Management accounting generally required for the analysis strategic planning of the business decision making done by the organization to make decision about the different products segments started by the company or required essential decision to predict and advice about the ratio analysis and budgets and forecasting about the different cash flow and the differences in the fluctuated scenarios of the business activities of the company (Seal and Noreen, 2012). There are certain numbers of tools which are assist the decision making strategies through using different analysis tool like ratio analysis, financial budgets and also the forecasting outcomes of the company for making financial decision. Management accounting tools to support the financial accounting The financial ratio analysis of the company is generally based on the financial data of the financial statement and cash flow statement of the company to analysis the previous year and current year performance of the company and also the prediction about the future growth of the organization as the company is dealing with the electronic products (Yoe, 2012). The efficiency and the gearing ratios of the company is generally based on the financial abilities of the organization whether the company is solvent enough to pay off their long term debt amount of the company in the coming future and also the financial position of the company in terms of the funding the business and operational activities of the company in long run. Whereas as per the analysis it is shows that as the company is dealing in electronic semi assemble products in the market which is carrying more risk than other financing activities in the market. Profitability ratios of the company are generally discussed about the financial abilities of the organization in terms of the performance measurement of the organization to generate more revenue from their selling and distribution activities in the market (John Y, 2012). The overall scenarios of the managerial accounting mainly help the managerial accountant to make proper decision about the accurate analysis and proper forecasting about the company.According to the following the contribution of the all the analysis of these financial statements support the decision making strategies to make huge success to the business activities of the organization. There are some others tools which are used by the management accountant for the development and forecasting of the financial and operational status of the business activities in the organization. Cash flow statement of the company AVN plc is basically based on the forecasting the future cash flow and revenue generation activities of the organization. The business planning of the company AVN plc is more accurate in terms of investing lower amount of capital in the business activities and generating huge amount of profit (Ingram, 2012). The variance of the financial statements of the company is mainly shows that the company is supporting the business activities of the company in terms of revenue generation and cost incurring activities. The management accountant of the company are generally make decision about the financial status of the company in terms of providing more benefits to the organization. The management accounting tools and techniques are generally deciding whether the company is taking proper decision about the cost investment activities like AVN plc is planning to prepare some different assembling electronic device. 2. Different classification of costs namely on the basis of type, function, behavior and relevance and the implications of the cost classification for pricing As per the cost clarification of the company is mainly based on the different process which is combining the cost of the organization as per the different features and the abilities of the expenses spent by the organization like function, behavior, relevance. As per the function The cost clarification as per their function in the company like AVN plc for assembling and manufacturing the semi assembled manufacturing goods which is like manufacturing cost, administration cost, selling and distribution cost and also the research and development cost of the organization (Horngren and Oliver, 2012). The production cost of the organization is mainly based on the selling and distribution activities which can be satisfied their supplies of the raw material and the labour cost of the organization which is based on the primary packaging activities of the products produced by the organization at optimum cost. The administration cost of the organization is basically based on the policies and practices of the organization to control and direct the operational activities of the organization which is excluded from the other cost of the manufacturing. Selling and distribution cost of company is based on the total expenses spent by the promotion of the selling and distribution activities of the clients and customers of the organization to generated more profit for the organization. The research and distribution cost of the organization is mainly based on the planning about the packaging strategies of the electronic semi assembled products manufacture by the company. Research and development cost of the company is required to produce some newly invention and development in the technology of the semi assembled product of the factory which is based on the financial stability of the organization and for the implementation and decision making strategies for the finalized the financial abilities of the organization. There are some other cost which is also retained by the company AVN plc to developed and start some new product line of the company in the coming future for that research and development required which need to be pre manufacturing cost of the organization in terms of the deferred revenue expenditure and the prime cost of the future production activities. As per the behavior According to the behavior the cost of the manufacturing is segmented into two parts which is direct and indirect cost of the organization. There are certain scenarios which is differentiating the different cost of the production. Direct cost of the organization is generally primary link of the products units produce in the organization whereas the indirect cost of the organization is spent by company to prepare their cost of the production within a particular period of time. As per the relevance According to the overall scenarios of the cost allocation of the different policies and practices followed by the AVN plc company to understand the cost allocating services as per the relevance the cost allocation of the organization is based on the different relevant costs, incremental cost, opportunity cost and some additional cost and some of the irrelevant cost like some considered cost and other sunk cost of the manufacturing of the organization for the production activities of the company within a particular period of time. 3. Importance of the cost volume profit in decision making activities of AVN plc The cost volume profit of the company AVN plc is based on the decision making strategies to tackle the problematic situation of the organization to follow the breakeven situation for the organization to support the project manager of the organization to understand the actual requirement of the organization in the future period of time (Horngren and Horngren, 2012). There are some of production activities which are based on the breakeven analysis to understand the production activities effort by the organization to enhanced the profitability and decision making analysis of the organization. The cost volume analysis models is generally utilized by the organization for the decision making strategies of the organization by using different probability and statistical tools and techniques to get the target outcomes of the organization as per the previous setting goals. The cost volume analysis is giving the detailed idea about the financial and operational situations of the different activities of the company (Horngren and Rajan, 2012). This analysis tool generally support the analysis about the different decision making planning for proper production activities of the company. The Cost volume analysis is mainly based on the variable cost set by the organization to assume the future performance of the organization. The manager of the company AVN plc can easily estimate the cost and the accurate time of the production within a given period of time. 4. The benefits of preparing budgets for the company and suggest the types of budgets to be prepared, to forecast future performance of the company According to the overall analysis the company is preparing budgets to do proper planning and controlling activities in the organization (Bhimani, 2012). The planning process of the organization is mostly based on the budgeting process and standards of procedures of the company AVN plc. As the company is initially get the benefits about to reduce the complexity of the project within given period of time. There are some benefits which are provided to the organization during the preparation of the budget for the organization. The complexity of the decision making strategies of the business activities is about to be reduce by the organization by preparing different budget to manage the daily transactions of the organization so the managerial authorities of the company AVN plc can focus on the other manufacturing related problems of the organization (Doumpos and Pardalos, 2012). The budget statement is always a blue print for a business activity and production activity. The standard budget which is prepared by the managerial authorities of the organization which need to be revise and control by the organization to make backup plan for the organization. The budget preparations activities are mostly support the coordination activities to support the manufacturing activities of the company in the certain extent of the company for the providing the better services for production activities of the company. The managerial authorities of the company AVN plc can easily identify the performance of the company in the recent market scenarios and the compare that situation with the previous situation of the company (Drury, 2012). There are certain activities which are based on the restructure the overall activities of the organization to follow and reorganize the goal of the organization. The company AVN plc can prepare different kind of budget which can be maintained the financial and operational status of the company in the certain extent. The fixed budget contains all those cost of the production which cannot be change in any circumstances of the organization. There are some of the changes also happen in the fixed budget cost of the organization which cannot be give impact on administration cost of the organization (Baum, 2013). The Variable budget contains all the variable expenses of the organization which is based on the revenue generation activities of the organization to achieve the goal of the organization. Operating budget of the organization is generally based on the different cost of the organization to promote the supply and the quality control of the organization. There are some other budgets which are following by the organization in terms of the understanding the different structure and scenarios of the organization (Epstein and Lee, 2012). Sales budget, production budget, direct material and direct labour budget and the other pro forma of the income statement of the company. The master budget of the organization is generally based on the capital expenditure and the standard budget of the organization to maintained and estimated the cost of manufacturing electronic semi assemble part produce by the AVN plc within particular period of time (Gil Aluja and Terceno, 2012). The analysis is on the budget preparation activities of the organization which is based on the production planning and costing activities of the organization. The company structure by using cost and volume analysis showing the different benefits of the financial budgeting to support the decision making activities of the organization. Conclusion The overall project report is based on the financial status and the managerial planning controlling activities of the company AVN plc. In the overall report the discussion is on benefits and application of the managerial activities of the organization which is based on the tools of the financial accounting applications. The report is showing that how company need to select the different costing method to acquire the huge number of profit from the organization. As per the overall analysis, if the company AVN plc will be following the managerial accounting format and tools in their financial accounting process of the company to make perfect decision about the company. Reference Baum, M. (2013).Service business costing. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Bhimani, A. (2012).Introduction to management accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Doumpos, M., Zopounidis, C. and Pardalos, P. (2012).Financial decision making using computational intelligence. New York: Springer. Drury, C. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2012).Advances in management accounting. Bingley: Emerald. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2012).Advances in management accounting. Bingley: Emerald. Gil Aluja, J. and Terceno, A. (2012).Methods for decision making in an uncertain environment. Singapore: World Scientific. Horngren, C. and Horngren, C. (2012).Management accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Horngren, C., Datar, S. and Rajan, M. (2012).Cost accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ingram, T. (2012).Sales management. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. John Y. Lee., (2012).Advances in Management Accounting. Emerald Group Pub. Kaarbo, J. (2012).Coalition politics and cabinet decision making. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Seal, W., Garrison, R. and Noreen, E. (2012).Management accounting. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Tavana, M. (2012).Decision making theories and practices from analysis to strategy. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Yoe, C. (2012).Primer on risk analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Yoe, C. (2012).Principles of risk analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Zaeh, M. (n.d.).Enabling manufacturing competitiveness and economic sustainability.